Israel’s influence in Iraq, while largely covert, plays a significant role in the region's geopolitical dynamics. This article explores the historical, military, economic, and cultural dimensions of Israel’s interactions in Iraq, with a particular focus on its relationships with Kurdish entities and the broader implications for Iraq’s socio-political landscape.

Historical Ties with the Kurds

Israel’s relationship with Kurdish groups dates back to the 1960s:

Support During Kurdish Uprisings: Israel provided the Kurdish Peshmerga with military training, weapons, and humanitarian aid to counter Baghdad’s control.

Strategic Motives: This alliance was part of Israel’s broader strategy to ally with non-Arab minorities to counter Arab nationalism.

Although overt collaboration waned after the mid-1970s, covert engagements have persisted, often through third-party intermediaries. These relationships are underpinned by mutual interests, including opposition to centralized Iraqi authority and shared concerns about Iran.

Economic and Military Cooperation

Economic Ties: Reports suggest clandestine trade relationships, including the sale of Kurdish oil to Israel. Israeli-linked companies have been involved in infrastructure projects, such as the development of Erbil International Airport.

Military Assistance: Historical accounts reveal Israeli training of Kurdish forces in advanced weaponry. While current direct military ties are unconfirmed, evidence points to indirect logistical and technical support via private contractors.

Cultural and Diplomatic Dimensions

Israel’s influence extends into cultural and diplomatic spheres:

Soft Power: Initiatives like cultural exchanges and humanitarian efforts aim to foster goodwill in the Kurdistan Region, contrasting with federal Iraq’s staunch anti-Israel stance.

Kurdish Autonomy: Israel openly supported the 2017 Kurdish independence referendum, signaling its long-term strategic interest in a pro-Israel entity in the region.

Challenges and Regional Repercussions

Israel’s involvement in Iraq faces significant obstacles and risks:

Opposition in Federal Iraq: Baghdad’s anti-normalization laws and public sentiment render overt Israeli engagement untenable in most of Iraq.

Regional Tensions: Iran and Turkey view Israeli-Kurdish cooperation as a direct threat to their territorial integrity and regional influence. This has led to actions such as missile strikes on Kurdish figures suspected of Israeli ties.

Internal Iraqi Divisions: The divergence in attitudes toward Israel between the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) and Baghdad exacerbates political fragmentation.

The Role of Iraq’s Jewish Legacy

The dwindling Jewish community in Iraq serves as a cultural and symbolic link to Israel. Historical ties between Kurdish Jews and the Israeli government have facilitated limited interactions, reflecting the shared experiences of persecution and aspirations for autonomy.

Conclusion: Strategic Gains and Uncertain Futures

Israel’s influence in Iraq highlights the delicate balance of fostering strategic alliances while navigating complex regional and domestic dynamics. While its ties with the KRG offer mutual benefits, they also fuel regional hostility and deepen Iraq’s internal divides. Moving forward, the sustainability of these relationships will depend on Israel’s ability to manage its covert operations and broader geopolitical strategy without escalating tensions.